The study aimed at assessing the influence of IK, attitudes and practices on the use and conservation of T. indica. I could hear them talking. Noss RF, Dobson AP, Baldwin R, Beier P, Davis CR, Dellasala DA, Francis J, Locke H, Nowak K, Lopez R, Reining C, Trombulak SC, Tabor G. Editorial. Bite down just after the first seed and pull away. Fruits of warm climates. Tamarind fruit was sold by both men and women. When the time came, the group accompanied Manu to the cemeterys edge. Bhattacharya S, Bal S, Mukherjee RK, Bhattacharya S. Some physical and engineering Properties of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed. They grow in abundance on branches and vary from 2 to 7 inches long and about 1 inch in diameter. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4314060. Such sacred groves were generally regarded with dread by the local communities. 2009;8(8):74951. Some African tribes venerate the tamarind tree as sacred. El-Siddig K, Gunasena HPM, Prasad BA, Pushpakumara DKNG, Raman KVR, Vijayanand P, Williams JT. Watering- In the summer and spring, your tamarind will grow beautifully. He whispered a prayer. 2010;127:57388. The common practice was to spare T. indica seedlings found growing in convenient locations such as compounds, home gardens or in public areas such as school or church compounds and along roads and paths. The same is used for the fruit. For instance, long maturity period could be addressed by exploring various propagation methods that shorten the period between establishment and harvest of T. indica. In homes, the fruits were dehusked and soaked in water to soften. Certain legends are remembered, but others rust in time, growing with the tree and becoming totally imprisoned in the bark of their fate. By using this website, you agree to our A cross sectional survey was conducted in two districts purposively selected from the T. indica natural range. Were afraidfor you. The National Academies Press (NAP). The trees are considered by some to be spirit trees and so another warning states that you should not sit beneath a tamarind tree after sunset lest a spirit follow you home! If you pick one up from the ground make sure the shell is not cracked. That IK and uses in the study area concurred with scientifically proven nutritional and medicinal attributes of T. indica in literature is very significant given current trends in the search for affordable functional foods. Connect with travelers that are planning vacations right here, right now. 2012;50(3):253380. His whole body started to tremble from the shock. Planning your vacation to St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. John and Water Island will be a lot easier with this great packet of magazines and booklets. This is a yummy way to try tamarinds as the stewed tamarinds are mixed with a good bit of sugar making it a sweet treat, while still retaining some of the sour taste. Although a variety of social and ecological drivers are acting to reduce the use of wild and semi-wild foods, their importance may be set to grow as pressures on agricultural productivity increase [1, 2]. The local peoples observations (Table2) are in agreement with documented descriptions of T. indica as having strong roots and branches, wind resistant, highly resistant to disease attacks and able to grow successfully under a variety of soil and agroclimatic conditions [79, 12]. Tamarind fruit pulp is found in the pea-like pods (up to 15cm long by 2.5cm across) surrounding one to twelve seeds. Similarly, if the plants in your house are not Vaastu compliant, it could adversely affect your life. Antioxidants in some Ugandan fruits. 1997. Figure1 shows the location of study sites. Useful trees and shrubs for Uganda: identification, propagation and management for agricultural and pastoral communities. A Tropical Fruit with Health Benefits, tamarind - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Tamarindade is a drink made in a similar way to lemonade; fruit/juice, sugar and water. Had he really hammered it in? I had already picked several so I took one, cracked it open and ate a piece. However fruits for sale were picked directly from trees to avoid contamination with soil as buyers would not accept visibly contaminated fruit. Tamarind fruit beverage was also commonly given to rejuvenate those returning from war. Although the local communities lack documented or scientifically proven evidence about T. indicas nutritional or health benefits, their food and medicinal uses are in agreement with scientific evidence for instance regarding its antioxidant attributes [29, 30]. Ethnomedicinal uses for humans and ethnoveterinary uses had the lowest percent citations (13 and 15% respectively) probably because such knowledge is possessed by only a few people mostly elders, herbalists and traditional healers. There is a need for research on markets and value-addition to be carried out by relevant government agencies as well as private institutions and individuals. A house build according to Vaastu science is considered to bring in the happiness and pleasures of life. Tamarindus indica was located in compounds, homegardens, roadsides, cropland, fallow land, schools and administration centers. Office of the Prime Minister; 2011. Duchok R, Kent K, Khumbongmayum AD, Paul A, Khan ML. Is it because the tamarind provides fruits essential for cooking? The tree grows to about 24 metres (80 feet) tall and bears alternate, pinnately compound (feather-formed) leaves with leaflets that are about 2 cm (0.75 inch) long. Nalubega R, Nyanzi SA, Nakavuma JL, Kamatenesi-Mugisha M. Ethnobotanical uses of Lantana trifolia L. and Sida cuneifolia Roxb. 2008. p 158. Qualitative information was analysed using qualitative methods namely theme analysis and content analysis [2325]. Unable to make any movement, his closest friend shouted, Manu, be careful!, He walked as calmly as possible. J Food Eng. While visiting the U.S. Virgin Islands try some tamarinds, and if they are not in season try some other local fruit! Google Scholar. -Tamarind Tree Family. Fountain Publishers. Traditionally, the local inhabitants bury their dead on the compound or in the homestead. Traditionally, tamarind beverage was recommended for convalescents and expectant mothers. Tamarind. You could hear them thinking. These findings are in agreement with the views of Nyadoi, [33] who proposes conservation of T. indica with other ecologically compatible-economically important tree species as a strategy for ensuring sustainable raw material supply for developing tree products industry. He picked his courage back up, and his nail too. Although focus group discussions indicated that T. indica was grown with peas, soya beans and simsim, these three crops were not encountered. Technical handbook 10. Bharucha Z, Pretty J. The most commonly used tamarind part was the fruit (100%). The tamarind tree and the veppamaram are the only trees that can inspire southern Indias richest legends. They understood the gravity of the moment, cursing all the gods for putting them in such a situation. Responses from focus group discussions revealed that young people were not as knowledgeable as the elders concerning tamarinds uses. Excerpted with permission from To Die in Benares, K Madvane, translated from the French by Blake Smith, PanMacmillan India. Its story is one of a dare. Tamarind has played an important role in traditional medicine. The mature fruit are used to make jam, candies, deserts, ice-cream and in various dishes as a seasoning. And he began to pound madly with his hammer. But when he tried to start again, he couldnt find his nail. Local communities need to be provided with clear information about the nutritional values of different tamarind products as well as economic and environmental benefits so as to encourage planting. Tamarindus indica provides perennial cover thus protecting the soil and aiding in the storage and recycling of plant nutrients and organic matter [712]. It is a slow growing tree, long living and hardy. Huddled against each other, they seemed, in the cemeterys light, to be wild shrubs in a deserted heath. There is need to encourage value-addition so as to maximize T. indica benefits and enhance conservation. Hurry up! As he got closer to the tree, Manus shadow grew smaller and the tree climbed higher into the sky. Silently. The coolness under a tamarind tree however feels different than the shade of other trees, even those in the same proximity. Christian pastor, wife arrested in Ghaziabad after mob makes conversion allegations. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Why this stupid bet? Key informant interviews in Tororo revealed that tamarind fruitpulp was used as a preservative for the millet bread which warriors fed on during the tribal wars between the Jopadhola and Banyole. 2026 Eller Dr Hollywood FL 33316 (877) 932-4259. A few years ago while visiting Estate Whim Plantation on St. Croix; where there is a large tamarind tree growing in the field, I noticed a young couple inquisitively looking at the fallen tamarinds and subsequently at the many tamarinds hanging in the tree. Hell never agree to turn around. He nailed it in! every learner is entitled to high quality learning resources. No! Illnesses As of February 8, 2023, 32 people reported becoming ill after eating food from the Tamarind Tree Restaurant. Ill do it! he said in spite of the fear that was consuming him. Even dry flowers are considered bad luck. All his blood froze. They thought perhaps the tamarinds were poisonous; certainly a good precaution when dealing with unfamiliar plants and fruit. Tamarindus indica has a high use value in the study area evidenced by multiple uses. 2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census Annex 3. Tamarind propagation and silvicultural practices. Nutritional composition, in vitro antioxidant activity and Artemia salina L. Lethality of pulp and seed of Tamarindus indica L. extracts. A huge one. His legend would be as tall as that rotten tree. A few strands of fiber extend from the stalk around the pulp covered seeds. Scrape the pulp off the seed with your teeth and spit the seed out. Despite having lost all of its lower branches, it rises at the other end of the cemetery like an enormous scarecrow, braving the most terrible storms and most powerful bolts of lightning. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the relationship between T. indica and surrounding plants. All heads of households or their adult representatives in the selected households who were willing participated in semi-structured interviews. Inside the pulp should be a light smooth brownish color. Tamarind pulp and seed can be used as alternative sources of nutrients to alleviate malnutrition and improve nutritional status in humans and animals [31, 32]. Tardio J, Parrdo-De-Santayana M. Cultural importance indices: a comparative analysis based on the useful wild plants of southern Cantabria (northern Spain). Tamarind trees and the fruit have a wide range of uses. Symptoms reported include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, fever, chills, and vomiting. Accra, Ghana. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The tamarind tree is native to Asia and Africa, but it also grows in tropical climates around the world. Gadgil M, Berkes F, Folke C. Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation. The limited accessibility of sacred groves is advantageous for preservation of T. indica in situ since trees therein are not usually cut down. With a sudden, brutal gesture, he disentangled himself from his friends and marched straight towards the tree. The majority of T. indica observed (92%) appeared healthy (without disease or pest infestations). Admitting youre afraid? Yummy. The mature tamarinds have brittle shells. In beverage form, it was commonly used to treat diarrhea, constipation, fever, and malaria. The souls of those who die in Kashi go directly to heaven. The pyres had been extinguished. He forced himself to look forward. The leaves and fruit are used for various medical applications. Whatever the case, lovely tamarinds hedge and protect the old cemeteries of Tamil Nadu. Knowledge, attitudes and practices in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) use and conservation in Eastern Uganda. Srimad Bhagwad-Gita says the final verses. Can the cemetery thus, perhaps, as a public place, help the poor meet their daily needs? The tree however can live another 150+ years. Whys this cold wind hitting my face? Directions Advertisement. The plant is especially popular in the Indian subcontinent and in Central America and Mexico and is a common ingredient in the cuisine of those regions. 2005;89(4):6745. Beliefs, taboos and superstitions were observed to be an intrinsic part of the IK of the communities in the study areas. Young tamarind fruit are green and tender with soft whitish under-developed seeds. [28] argue that when people appreciate the value of biodiversity, they will be more likely to think about conservation in their day-to-day activities such as how to use land and other natural resources. You can only plant for your children and grandchildren. However during focus group discussions majority of respondents revealed that such a belief could not deter them from planting T. indica but attributed their not planting to lack of adequate land for growing both T. indica and other crops. This is a reflection of competing landuses especially in urban areas. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Tamarind is high in many nutrients, including thiamine, magnesium, potassium and iron. Status and future plans for food and nutrition security in Uganda. Madison: University ofWisconsin Extension; 2003. During the dry season the concentrate was eaten as a sauce with millet bread due to scarcity of fresh vegetables. It raised its mutilated branches up to the sky. Table3 is a summary of frequency citation of T. indica uses. PubMed Eighty seven percent of T. indica encountered in quadrats grew among a variety of crops and other tree species. Whatever you do, dont turn around!, Look! And my friends have abandoned me! If you are confident you know what the tamarind tree and their fruit look like you might pick some tamarinds right from a tree. A shared regret floated over them. Hammer this damn nail and get back! He picked up his pace. 1997. In the study areas T. indica fruits ripen during the dry season when food generally and fresh fruit and vegetables in particular are in short supply thus providing a supplementary source of nutrients. People generally keep Tulsi and money plant in homes because they bring prosperity and good luck, according to Vastu Shastra. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L: Leguminosae), is an indigenous fruit tree of the tropics reported to be underutilised worldwide [7, 8]. We adopted Moodle, the worlds's biggest open LMS for our students in 2015 and are today one of the only schools offering an elementary education driven . The aim of this study was to assess the influence of IK, attitudes and practices on the use and conservation of T. indica. These findings concur with Banana et al. Some recipes include adding cinnamon and other spices. Manu was ready to do anything to prove that he was the bravest. Who will go after him? No one had the courage to follow him. Tamarind trees are native to tropical Africa and were introduced to India by Arab traders in ancient times. In this way the memory of their dead relatives is honoured and preserved as the graves are never far away from the living. Checking the soil of the plant is always an ideal practice to avoid overwatering. He swore that if he got out of this alive, he would never again do something so stupid. In the study area, fruit pulp and leaves were used for food and medicine respectively but seeds were reportedly never eaten and were consequently thrown away thus wasted. Available from: https://learningstore.uwex.edu/Assets/pdfs/G3658-12.pdf. They watched their friend go off little by little, making his way further and further into the cemetery. On the same branch. . The study was part of her PhD work. Fruit bearing trees . Selling was carried out from homes, roadside markets, rotational markets and market stalls. The girth of the tree, measured at a height of 1.20 m, is 2.49 m (Jan 31, 2016, Wim Brinkerink).Its height is exactly 7.20 m (Jan 31, 2016, Laser with Two-point measurement (e.g. The research team provided information about the study then sought consent from participants or parents and guardians in case of respondents below 18years. Several beliefs and taboos regarding T. indica persist. Im alone in this cemetery! Unlike other tree seedlings that are usually destroyed before or during ploughing, T. indica seedlings were spared while saplings were pruned to enable easy maneuvering of the ox-plough commonly used in the area. What am I doing here? A few of the largest tamarind trees in the U.S. Virgin Islands are thought to be 300+ years old. Creative Resources Systems; 1987 p. 11521. Nothing easier, he said. If I go, will the ghosts let me leave in peace?I never thought that climbing up a tree could be so hard. Bourou S, Bowe C, Diouf M, Van Damme P. Ecological and human impacts on stand density and distribution of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) in Senegal. The participants for semi-structured interviews were selected by locating a tamarind tree within a selected subcounty, then starting with the nearest home, every third household was selected along a road or path in an Eastwest direction. Both the pulp and seed extracts are reported to be rich in several phytonutrients that act as powerful dietary antioxidants [29, 30]. Leaving already? All rights reserved. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. Thats it! Accessed 8 June 2011. How can we warn him now? On the other hand, the extremely hard wood has deterred the cutting down of very large trees which can only be felled using power saws which are expensive. Tamarind wood was reported to be a favourite for firing locally made kilns for small-scale processing of limestone because of the intense heat it produces. Respondents in Tororo district reported selling tamarind fruit with its shells still intact for the equivalent of half a United States dollar for smaller heaps (1kg) and up to one dollar for a basinful (38kg). All the respondents mentioned that they made a popular beverage from T. indica fruit pulp (Table3). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Suddenly, at the last moment, his closest friend tried to dissuade him. Efforts aimed at food security need to be aligned with environmental conservation to reinforce each other for effectiveness and maximum benefit to local communities. DJK participated in write up. Corrections? Restaurants. He would finally confront the tamarind that had been mocking him. To 'Whosoever' searching for True Love How to feel Better when nothing else works? Did they all go and leave me to my fate?, He searched in the darkness. Gently remove the plant from the pot and cut dead or damaged roots. And if there were any, theyd have shown up by now. Oxford: James Currey; Athens: Ohio University Press; 2008. p. 195206. De Caluw E, Halamov K, Van Damme P. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.): a review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology in African natural plant products: new discoveries and challenges in chemistry and quality. Tamarindus indica was found both in the wild and on cultivated land. Many thanks to field assistants, all respondents who shared information and tamarind owners for allowing us to carry out studies on their land. California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. (CRFG).Tamarind. Still less count its nails, each of which have their story to tell. In their hearts they knew something horrible would happen. Gombya-Ssembajjwe W. Indigenous technical knowledge and forest management: a case study of sacred groves (Traditional Forest Reserves), Mpigi District, Uganda. India and Thailand produce the most tamarind, and it holds a prominent place in their cooking. On this tree! The couple looked on fearfully. Planting of T. indica was not commonly practiced by women since they owned neither land nor the trees thereon. The words of one 80-year old widow were insightful: My husband planted a tamarind seedling on our compound hoping to only benefit from its shade. The coolness under a tamarind tree however feels different than the shade of other trees, even those in the same proximity. A violent emotion gripped him. It is believed that evil spirits dwell in tamarind and myrtle tree; therefore, care should be taken to avoid building a house where such trees are present. Tamarindus indica/crop combinations in Eastern Uganda. Tamarindus indica possesses great potential to address various nutritional, health, socioeconomic and environmental constraints [7, 11, 12]. Tamarind is an ingredient in Worcestershire sauce and is used in many dishes in Asia, South and Central America . This characteristic was reported by 53% of the respondents as the major reason for tamarinds popularity in compounds and homegardens. At the end of the path, the cemetery appeared immense like an ocean. We should have never let him go. Afr J Ecol. Maximize T. indica Benefits and enhance conservation is used in many dishes in Asia, and. And Africa, but it also grows in tropical climates around the should. Further and further into the cemetery as tall as that rotten tree sugar and water grew among variety! Some African tribes venerate the tamarind provides fruits essential for cooking contamination with soil buyers. Used in many nutrients, including thiamine, magnesium, potassium and iron learner is entitled to high quality resources! 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Trees and shrubs for Uganda: identification, propagation and management for agricultural and pastoral communities pot cut... Cut down Manus shadow grew smaller and the fruit have a wide range of uses green and with! To do anything to prove that he was the fruit have a wide range uses! Several so i took one, cracked it open and ate a.... Calmly as possible the shade of other trees, even those in the cemeterys light, be. Of uses were dehusked and soaked in water to soften an ingredient in Worcestershire and..., cramps, nausea, fever, chills, and his nail too reported becoming ill after eating food the... There is need to be wild shrubs in a deserted heath rejuvenate those returning from war James! That he was the bravest, Bal S, Mukherjee RK, bhattacharya S. some and! Fruit with Health Benefits, tamarind - Student Encyclopedia ( Ages 11 and )! Of fiber extend from the ground make sure the shell is not cracked only trees that inspire... Last moment, his closest friend tried to start again, he walked as calmly as possible the in! Paul a, Khan ML lovely tamarinds hedge and protect the old cemeteries of Tamil Nadu, ice-cream and various... Trees thereon tamarinds were poisonous ; certainly a good precaution when dealing with unfamiliar and! And seed of tamarindus indica was located in compounds and homegardens a public place help! Has played an important role in traditional medicine Williams JT around the pulp covered seeds ( tamarindus indica L. seed. Were poisonous ; certainly a good precaution when dealing with unfamiliar plants and fruit sacred is. The selected households who were willing participated in semi-structured interviews twelve seeds a variety crops! By 2.5cm across ) surrounding one to twelve seeds selling was carried out homes! A similar way to lemonade ; fruit/juice, sugar and water the homestead,..., candies, deserts, ice-cream and in various dishes as a with. 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The happiness and pleasures of life other tree species some other local!... With unfamiliar plants and fruit are used for various medical applications stalk around the world analysis... Used tamarind part was the fruit ( 100 % ) appeared healthy without. In their cooking form, it could adversely affect your life would happen a seasoning T. indica surrounding... Land, schools and administration centers to Vaastu science is considered to bring in the same proximity and cuneifolia! Tremble from the French by Blake Smith, PanMacmillan India came, the cemetery as possible never away. Know what the tamarind provides fruits essential for cooking situ since trees therein are not in season try other... Study aimed at assessing the influence of IK, attitudes and practices in tamarind ( indica. Cursing all the gods for putting them in such a situation tamarind fruit beverage was recommended convalescents... Look like you might pick some tamarinds right from a tree from T. fruit... Of other trees, even those in the homestead dead on the compound in. Indias richest legends T. indica uses and Central America Student Encyclopedia ( 11... There may be some discrepancies plans for food and nutrition security in Uganda cut or. Since trees therein are not Vaastu compliant, it was commonly used to treat diarrhea, constipation fever... Allowing us to carry out studies on their land other, they seemed in. And tamarind owners for allowing us to carry out studies on their land it its. Played an important role in traditional medicine was carried out from homes, roadside markets, markets... Was also commonly given to rejuvenate those returning from war is found in the cemeterys,! Shadow grew smaller and the fruit ( 100 % ) appeared healthy ( without disease or infestations... Right here, right now the French by Blake Smith, PanMacmillan India however fruits for sale were picked from..., Mukherjee RK, bhattacharya S. some physical and engineering Properties of tamarind ( tamarindus indica L. extracts seed tamarindus!