Now they've been pardoned | CNN, Shocking moment thief is burned to death by villagers who say he led a violent gang. "[6], In December 2020, the Martinsville 7 Project asked Virginia Governor Ralph Northam to pardon the Martinsville Seven posthumously and issue an apology. You have permission to edit this article. / CBS/AP. Your email address will not be published. You have chosen this person to be their own family member. based on information from your browser. It is not known whether Floyd is still alive and if so, where. "I won't talk about that," Martin said. Joe Henry Hampton, 21, was the first man tried. There are no volunteers for this cemetery. cemeteries found within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. The sentences were carried out in February 1951, the largest group of executions for crimes against a single victim in state history and one of the largest in U.S. history. Share this memorial using social media sites or email. Family members linked to this person will appear here. They would soon be handling the volatile case of seven black men charged with raping a white woman, and Whittle admonished them that the accused "will be tried as though both parties were members of the same race. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your account data and we will send you a link to reset your password. "It means so much to me," he said of the pardon. This was objected to by the NAACP, who feared further backlash because of the CRC's Communist affiliations. Some questioned the accuracy of parts of the confessions, and at least one said he did not have intercourse with Floyd and that he did not see Floyd resist anyone. The "Martinsville Seven" were convicted of raping 32-year-old Ruby Stroud Floyd, who had gone to a predominantly Black neighborhood in Martinsville, Virginia, on Jan. 8, 1949, to collect money for . The mass executions were the largest in Virginia in modern times. After a long legal battle led by the NAACP and a grassroots campaign led by the Civil Rights Congress, the seven were executed in 1951 on February 2nd and February 5th. But Northam said Tuesday that the death penalty for rape was applied almost exclusively to Black people. "I am not excusing rape. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The campaigns to stop the legal lynching of the Martinsville 7 and Willie McGee in Mississippi were met with red-baiting and gruesome determination by the white elite to protect strict racial codes. Thanks for using Find a Grave, if you have any feedback we would love to hear from you. After the convictions, the seven were represented by Richmond-area civil-rights lawyers Martin A. Martin, Samuel W. Tucker, Roland D. Ealey and Oliver W. Hill, and others. She said her father, her uncle and Hampton's brother visited Hampton at the jail while he was awaiting trial and that Hampton told them they were making him sleep on the cement floor without clothes. In his study on the case, Rise concluded that, "At a time when African-Americans were beginning to assert their civil rights vigorously, the executions provided a stark reminder of the harsh treatment reserved for blacks who violated Southern racial codes.". "[2] Their concern was ensuring a fair trial.[2]. They argued for lesser sentences, but Battle resisted their pleas. ", She also asked, "How many black women have been raped in Virginia and nobody has ever been executed?" One of the convicted men's parents contacted the CRC directly and asked one of its lawyers to defend their son DeSales Grayson. Oops, something didn't work. Grayson said she once told her father that she wanted to meet her grandfather. A Year of History: Martinsville Seven executions remain 'a raw wound' for many. The Martinsville Seven were a group of seven African American men from Martinsville, Virginia, who were convicted and executed for raping a white woman in 1949. [2], The officials separated the men. All seven men were convicted and sentenced to death within eight days. By the spring of 1949, all seven men were charged with rape. If you have questions, please contact [emailprotected]. This memorial has been copied to your clipboard. It is a priority for CBC to create products that are accessible to all in Canada including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges. Four of the men testified in their own defence. In December, advocates and descendants of the men asked Northam to issue posthumous pardons. They were quickly tried in six separate trials (two agreed to be tried together), and each was convicted and sentenced to death. Quickly see who the memorial is for and when they lived and died and where they are buried. They said that the men had been forced into confessing that they had raped Ruby Stroud Floyd, a 32-year-old white woman who had been visiting a predominantly Black section of Martinsville,. The remaining three were executed on February 5, 1951. Eric W. Rise, Race, Rape, and Radicalism: The Case of the Martinsville Seven, 1949-1951. The Journal of Southern History LVIII, no. [11], The case of the Martinsville Seven was taken up by outside groups, including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Civil Rights Congress (CRC). Within hours . Most of the men were between 18 and 20 years old and worked as laborers in small-scale furniture factories and warehouses. From 1908 when Virginia began using the electric chair to 1951, state records show that all 45 people executed for rape were Black, he said. Eric W. Rise, author of "The Martinsville Seven, Race, Rape and Capital Punishment" and a professor of criminal justice at the University of Delaware, said prospective black jurors were excused for expressing reservations about the death penalty or struck by prosecutors. Four of the Martinsville Seven were electrocuted on February 2, 1951. Privacy, I Saw Black Spirits & White Spirits Engaged In Battle: The Confessions Of Nat Turner, Black Thens Chocolate Scoop Submit A Scoop-Worthy Story. The February 10, 1951 national edition of the Afro American headlines the mass execution of the Martinsville 7 in Virginia. Rise said two men said they had consensual sex with her, one man denied any involvement, and another man said he was so intoxicated he could not remember what happened. In 1866, the state legislature changed the law so that execution remained an option for both races in rape cases. "This was the Jim Crow South; this was prior to the civil-rights movement why would she be there," she asked. Though they varied somewhat in detail, the accounts of what happened that night from the perpetrators, the victim, Martin and other witnesses in large part agreed. He sobbed loudly when Northam told the family members he would grant the pardons after meeting with them Tuesday. Within hours, they admitted to having "sex" with Floyd or admitted to watching their friends have intercourse with the thirty-two-year-old. Fired RPS employee sues school district, alleges misuse of federal funds. All of them were tried by all-White juries. The seven men, ranging in age from 18-37 years old, were arrested in 1949 for the reported rape of 32-year-old Ruby Stroud Floyd, a white woman who lived in Martinsville. Execution of black teen in 1944 shouldn't have occurred, U.S. judge rules, Man freed from prison, over racial bias in jury selection, will not face 7th murder trial, CBC's Journalistic Standards and Practices. The "Martinsville Seven," as the men became known, were all convicted of raping 32-year-old Ruby Stroud Floyd, a white woman who had gone to a predominantly black neighborhood in Martinsville . Are you sure that you want to delete this memorial? MARTINSVILLE -- On April 19, 1949, Judge Kennon Whittle addressed prosecutors and defense lawyers gathered in his second-floor chambers of the Henry County courthouse. And the real victim Ruby Stroud Floyd didn't even get a mention from those coon descendants of her rapists ! There were no black jurors because the prosecution vetoed all potential black jurors. Translation on Find a Grave is an ongoing project. Records unavailable at the time of the Martinsville Seven appeals show that from 1626 until 1908, at least three whites and 99 blacks were hanged for rape or attempted rape in Virginia. The low IQ low life disregard they are the biggest killers of themselves. By the spring of 1949, all seven men were charged with rape. A presentation of a bouquet of flowers is a special way of showing youre thinking of them and their loss, as the bright colours reflect the personality of the passed loved one. The man's famil, Plaintiff Kara Williams asserts that Richmond Public Schools fired her as manager of the Head Start Program after she had repeatedly objected . All 45 men executed in Virginias electric chair in 1951 for the crime of rape were black men convicted of assaulting white women. Four of the seven testified at their own trials. Ruby Stroud Floyd always brought light to every room entered. [2], Rise says that the white community disdained Ruby Floyd for her missionary work with the Jehovah's Witnesses and for her willingness to enter the black part of Martinsville. Defense lawyers claimed that the initial confessions were forced by the local sheriff. Other prosecution witnesses included Grayson's wife, Josephine, who also testified for the defense in some of the cases; a sister of one of the defendants; and a black woman who assisted Floyd after the attack. Grayson said he was fouryears old when his father was executed. On the evening of January 8, 1949, Ruby Stroud Floyd accused 13 black men of raping her while she passed through a poor African American neighborhood in Martinsville, Virginia. The Civil Rights Congress pickets the White House January 30, 1951 demanding President Harry Truman stop the execution of the Martinsville 7 seven African American men sentenced to death for the rape of a white woman in Virginia. [8] The day before the youngest of the seven was executed, he said, "God knows I didn't touch that woman and I'll see y'all on the other side. At a hospital where she was examined for internal injuries, she told police that a group of black men raped her. They were not assigned a lawyer. In 1977, in its ruling in Coker v. Georgia, the US Supreme Court ruled that "it is repugnant to an enlightened society for the state to kill a person for a crime that does not result in death," declining to extend the death penalty to a person guilty of raping an adult woman. First published on August 31, 2021 / 3:17 PM. The Associated Press contributed to this report. "[2] The prosecution did not explicitly discuss race; it argued the case based on the "preservation of community stability, not the protection of southern womanly virtues,"[2] as had formerly been common. Photo by Henry Burroughts. "It is worthy of note that none of the defendants claimed that promises or threats were made by anyone before the confessions were signed," he wrote. That they could be standing there for photos with those smug looks on their faces like they have something to be proud of is just beyond my comprehension ! Use Escape keyboard button or the Close button to close the carousel. The "Martinsville Seven" were convicted of raping 32-year-old Ruby Stroud Floyd, who had gone to a predominantly Black neighborhood in Martinsville, Virginia, on Jan. 8, 1949, to collect money . The Martinsville 7, seven African American men sentenced to death for the rape of a white woman in Virginia are shown in a group photograph while in prison in 1950. All photos uploaded successfully, click on the Done button to see the photos in the gallery. Howard Lee Hairston, age 20, denied having sex with Floyd. Your email address will not be published. You must log in or register to reply here. To view a photo in more detail or edit captions for photos you added, click the photo to open the photo viewer. It has been stated by several residents of Martinsville, Virginia that Grayson and Floyd were in a sexual relationship. Hodge-Muse said it was common knowledge that the victim spent a great deal of time in the black community. Niggers are HARDWIRED TO SELF-DESTRUCT . 20072023 Blackpast.org. That they could be standing there for photos with those smug looks on their faces like they have something to be proud of is just beyond my comprehension ! The Spotsylvania County Sheriffs Office has decided to end its participation on a national television show, at least for now. The "Martinsville Seven," as the men became known, were all convicted of raping 32-year-old Ruby Stroud Floyd, a white woman who had gone to a predominantly black neighborhood in. Among the key witnesses against the men was 11-year-old Charlie Martin. NAACP officials focused national attention to the case, hoping to delay or overturn the death penalty judgment. In a news release, Northam said the pardons were not about whether the men were guilty, but it was "recognition from the Commonwealth" that the men did not receive adequate due process. Failed to remove flower. In their first appeal to the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals in 1950, the lawyers argued among other things that the death sentence for rape in Virginia was reserved for blacks. Copyright 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. African American History: Research Guides & Websites, Global African History: Research Guides & Websites, African American Scientists and Technicians of the Manhattan Project, Envoys, Diplomatic Ministers, & Ambassadors, Foundation, Organization, and Corporate Supporters. The shortest was little more than half an hour. The sponsor of a memorial may add an additional. From 1908 when Virginia began using the electric chair to 1951, state records show that all 45 people executed for rape were Black, he said. After the verdicts and sentencings, the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals later rejected a racial-prejudice claim filed on behalf of the Martinsville Seven, ruling that sentences did not, "depend upon the race of the accused, but upon the circumstances, aggravation and enormity of the crime proven in each case." On 8 January 1949, 32-year-old Ruby Stroud Floyd was out collecting money for some clothes she had recently sold. The Court of Appeals upheld the rulings on March 13, 1950, with Chief Justice Edward W. Hudgins writing: "one can hardly conceive of a more atrocious, a more beastly crime". Verify and try again. At 7:30p.m., after dark, she went to Mary Wade's house for shelter, showing signs of an assault. "But to kill them and not even really know that all of them even committed this crime? Rise said that after Battle's clemency rejection, Martin filed a writ of habeas corpus a civil challenge to the death sentences arguing that the seven were denied equal protection under the law guaranteed by the 14th Amendment. Two of the men were tried together. The Martinsville Seven were a group of young black men executed in 1951 after being convicted of raping a white woman. cemeteries found in Duplin County, North Carolina, USA will be saved to your photo volunteer list. As manager of this memorial you can add or update the memorial using the Edit button below. The Martinsville 7 were African-American young men accused of the rape of a white woman, Ruby Stroud Floyd, on January 8, 1949 in Martinsville, Virginia. They applied the bulk of the funds raised to the defense of clients. Make sure that the file is a photo. Virginia Gov. According to historian Eric W. Rise, this case "demonstrated the power of the southern legal system to enforce codes of racial behavior."[2]. He sobbed loudly when Northam told the family members he would grant the pardons after meeting with them Tuesday. The prosecution, led by Irvin W. Cubine, introduced evidence showing that non-consensual sex took place. By Tamantha / 08.31.2021 Photo: AFP via Getty Images "I don't want to bring that up again.". Floyd did not know where the woman lived, so she enlisted the help of 11-year-old Charlie Martin, son of a "colored" woman she knew, to guide her. The Martinsville 7 were charged with the rape of a white woman, Ruby Stroud Floyd, in a black neighborhood of Martinsville, Virginia on January 8, 1949. You may not upload any more photos to this memorial, This photo was not uploaded because this memorial already has 20 photos, This photo was not uploaded because you have already uploaded 5 photos to this memorial, This photo was not uploaded because this memorial already has 30 photos, This photo was not uploaded because you have already uploaded 15 photos to this memorial. The seven men, ranging in age from 18-37 years old, were arrested in 1949 for the reported rape of 32-year-old Ruby Stroud Floyd, a white woman who lived in Martinsville. Virginia Governor Ralph Northam granted posthumous pardons Tuesday to seven Black men who were executed in 1951 for the rape of a White woman, in a case that attracted pleas for mercy from around the world and in recent years has been denounced as an example of racial disparity in the use of the death penalty. A unique soul with a great personality has an amazing sense of humour, diligent and caring. Failed to delete memorial. There was an error deleting this problem. Cause of death Details of the circumstance surrounding our beloved, Ruby Stroud Floyddeath is not public yet, we will share more as we learn. "But we don't really know what happened.". The photographer is unknown. In May, Northamannounced new steps to streamline the pardon process, including increased staff and a new petition portal that allows electronic tracking submission and tracking of pardon requests, CBS affiliate WDBJ reported. Share. Ruby Stroud Floyd Obituary: In the loving memory of Ruby Stroud Floyd, we are saddened to inform you that Ruby Stroud Floyd, a beloved and loyal friend, has passed away. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/78661616/ruby-floyd. Residents warned her not to stay too long, noting the time as late afternoon. Three days later, the remaining three were also electrocuted. cemeteries found within miles of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. The original trial records, including hundreds of pages of transcripts, are on file at the Martinsville Circuit Court clerk's office. The last was Grayson, 38, who was pronounced dead at 8:15 that morning. JavaScript is disabled. The judge ruled that there was no evidence that discrimination was involved in imposing the Martinsville death sentences. Grayson said he was 4 years old when his father was executed. Required fields are marked *. The seven executed were all workers. "These men were executed because they were Black, and that's not right," Northam said. [6], No trial lasted more than a day, and the longest jury deliberation lasted less than two hours. She passed four men at the railroad tracks and continued into the neighborhood, where she was later assaulted by some of those four and other men. [8] Since Virginia started using an electric chair in 1908, all 45 of the men sentenced to death for rape had been black men convicted of raping white women. Bruck said the Martinsville Seven case was the first in which statistics were used in a racial challenge to death sentences. Forego a bottle of soda and donate its cost to us for the information you just learned, and feel good about helping to make it available to everyone. Try again later. Failed to report flower. There was considerable community sentiment against the men. For memorials with more than one photo, additional photos will appear here or on the photos tab. All of them were tried by all-white juries. [2][13] The CRC began to organize mass actions in Richmond. Every single one of the 45 men executed by Virginias electric chair for rape at that point were African American men charged with assaulting white women. What the Martinsville case lacked in legal import, it made up for politically by drawing national and worldwide attention to the death penalty as a civil-rights issue. Try again later. The "Martinsville Seven," as the men became known, were all convicted of raping 32-year-old Ruby Stroud Floyd, a White woman who had gone to a predominantly Black neighborhood in. To protect them from mob violence, they took them to other jails outside Henry County. Please contact Find a Grave at [emailprotected] if you need help resetting your password. Ruby Stroud Floyd always brought light to every room entered. Both African American newspapers, the Richmond Afro-American and Norfolk Journal and Guide concluded the national and international crusades by the CRC hurt the defendants' chances for clemency. "A white lady and a little colored boy came by and the lady asked where Ruth Pettie lived we all planned to get her when she came back.". And the real victim Ruby Stroud Floyd didnt even get a mention from those coon descendants of her rapists ! [2], The trials were held back to back, each with a separate jury of twelve white men. 7 Black men executed in 1951 for rape granted posthumous pardons The Martinsville Seven were convicted of raping 32-year-old Ruby Stroud Floyd, a white woman who visited a predominantly Black community in 1949 to collect money for outfits she sold. You can directly shop your flowers on Amazon. [7] From 1908 to 1951, only Texas, North Carolina and Georgia executed more black men for rape than did Virginia. The judge presiding was Kennon C. First arrested for the crime was Frank Hairston, Jr. and Booker T. Millner, and soon James Luther Hairston, Howard Lee Hairston, John Clabon Taylor, Francis DeSales Grayson, then James Henry Hampton were gathered as additional suspects. Hundreds stayed in Richmond for a prayer vigil until the executions took place. After a long legal battle led by the NAACP and a grassroots campaign led by the Civil Rights Congress, the seven were executed in 1951 on February 2nd and February 5th. Please enter your email address and we will send you an email with a reset password code. There had been no threats of lynching before the trials and no disturbances after the executions. Rose Grayson, niece of Francis DeSales Grayson, top, comforts James Grayson, son of Francis DeSales Grayson, left, and Rudy MCollum, great nephew of Francis DeSales Grayson, one of the Martinsville Seven, after Virginia Governor Ralph Northam issued posthumous pardons for Grayson and the other six members during a ceremony inside the Patrick Henry Building in Richmond, Va., Aug. 31, 2021. During the eleven-day trials, juries heard testimonies from both sides, including medical evidence of Floyds physical injuries and accounts from black witnesses whom Floyd appealed to for help after the assault. Your donation is fully tax-deductible. Pickets parade in front of the White House Jan. 30, 1951, in an effort to persuade President Truman to halt execution of seven black men sentenced to death in Virginia on charges of raping a white woman. Much of that attention was focused on Richmond, home of the governor, the legislature and the state's top civil-rights lawyers, as well as the location of what was then the Virginia State Penitentiary and its electric chair. Are you adding a grave photo that will fulfill this request? [4] Authorities showed increased professional conduct and procedures since the controversial arrest and execution of Odell Waller during World War II (he was initially represented at trial by the Trotskyite Revolutionary Workers League and ultimately executed).[5]. Ralph Northam, left, looks over the. Deputies in Davidson County rushed to help a 69-year-old man they'd found unresponsive in his house following a welfare check. Before their executions, protesters picketed at the White House, and the governor's office received letters from around the world asking for mercy. [12] The NAACP's interest was in establishing legal precedent "for the benefit of due process and equal protection in general and the Negroes' rights in particular. But Hodge-Muse, Millner and others also believe that not all the facts came out during the trials and that there are many unanswered questions. A better quality image can be found in the Fight for Racial Justice: the Civil Rights Congress (Gale) that can be accessed online through the D.C. Public Library databases, among other methods. His signed confession, like those of the others, was read into the record and can be found in the old files. Their trials and the electrocutions became a cause clbre similar to the Scottsboro Case of the 1930s. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. [1] On August 31, 2021, the Governor of Virginia pardoned the convictions of all seven men, 70 years after their deaths. The Civil Rights Congress and the Virginia Committee to Save the Martinsville Seven publish a flyer November 8, 1950 explaining why the Virginia case of seven black men sentenced to death was important for the fight against white supremacy. This legal argument of a discriminatory death penalty was denied by the courts at that time, but by 1977 the U.S. Supreme Court began to consider the effects of race on the death penalty. Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina, USA. While we can't change the past, I hope today's action brings them some small measure of peace. "The validity of the confessions were one of the things their defence attorneys brought up at the trials," Rise said. Hampton said he, Howard Hairston, Booker T. Millner and Frank Hairston Jr., were drinking wine near some railroad tracks that Saturday night. The young men were arrested, interrogated & charged with rape & attempted rape. Though Governor William Tuck initially agreed to a stay during appellate litigation, by late July 1950, newly elected Governor John S. Battle refused to commute the men's sentences, saying he was horrified by the rapes. "The Martinsville Seven were not given adequate due process 'simply for being black,' they were sentenced to death for a crime that a white person would not have been executed for 'simply for being black,' and they were killed, by the Commonwealth, 'simply for being black,'" the advocates wrote in their letter to Northam. You can cancel at any time. "Their punishment did not fit the crime. Did You Know That Disney Released A Cartoon Featuring A Freed Slave As The Hero? In this period of the second Red Scare, Senator Joseph McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee had raised alarms about purported communist influence in government and society. Doris Gravely, 80, of Martinsville, a first cousin of Joe Henry Hampton, the first of the seven executed, talked about the case in her living room last month. We have set your language to Switch to the light mode that's kinder on your eyes at day time. All but one were young and single, and all were employed three in a sawmill, one a plasterer's helper, one a stonecutter and one a foundry man. "I remember the very day the police came to the door. In December, advocates and descendants of the men asked Northam to issue posthumous pardons. The photographer is unknown. Try again later. But the remaining three men were executed on Monday, Feb. 5. Floyd identified two of her rapists as Grayson and Hampton, but she could not identify the others. The image is a Newspaper Enterprise Association photograph printed in a newspaper that has not been identified. It was the largest group of people executed for a single-victim crime in Virginia's history. Virginia law authorized capital punishment for accessories, parties to the act of rape who did not take part in the act. The image is an auction find. The rapes occurred on Saturday, January 8, 1949, after Ruby Stroud Floyd, a 32-year-old white woman, entered a black neighborhood in Martinsville, Virginia, to collect money for clothing she had sold. In some cases, they said that the police had written the confessions, that the formal account varied from a handwritten version, and that they had not fully read the police version when signing and did not recognize that their own accounts had been changed. Meanwhile, other demonstrators picketed the White House in support of the sevcen. Based on their confessions, the police arrested: The judge appointed seven attorneys for the seven defendants. Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. The Library of Virginia has the letter from the lawyer, Martin, asking for execution data. Rarely. The first man to die in Virginia's electric chair was Henry Smith, a black man who raped an elderly white woman. The pardons do not address the guilt or innocence of the men, but Northam said the pardons are an acknowledgement that they did not receive due process and received a "racially-biased death sentence not similarly applied to white defendants.". In denying appeals to commute the Martinsville 7 death sentences, Virginias Governor John S. Battle said, that the wave of messages that flooded his desks was cosponsored by the Civil Rights Congress and the Communist Party. "It means so much to me," he said of the pardon. Every single one of the 45 men executed by Virginias electric chair for the crime of rape at that point in time were African American men charged with assaulting white women. He kissed us and they took him away," he told The Associated Press in an interview after the announcement. After a long legal battle led by the NAACP and a grassroots campaign led by the Civil Rights Congress, the seven were executed in 1951 on February 2nd and February 5th. Drag images here or select from your computer for Ruby Stroud Floyd memorial. After Virginia became a state and until the end of the Civil War, state law allowed only blacks to receive a death sentence for rape. Your Scrapbook is currently empty. W.F. The group of young men soon got the name The Martinsville Seven. The remaining three were electrocuted on February 5. The juries were all white and all male. After being questioned by local police officers, the defendants initially confessed to committing or witnessing the crime. The campaign included picket lines, a demonstration by hundreds rallying in Richmond to try to persuade Gov. This memorial you can add or update the memorial is for and they! 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Added, click the photo to open the photo viewer in Davidson County rushed to help a man. And descendants of the CRC directly and asked one of the Martinsville Seven were electrocuted on 2... Than two hours Crow South ; this was the first in which statistics were used in a that. Was 4 years old when his father was executed than one photo, additional photos appear... < /b > to see the photos in the black community take part in the black community it has stated! All 45 men executed in Virginias electric chair in 1951 for the next time I comment asked... Photos you added, click on the photos tab broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed they... Descendants of her rapists, if you have questions, please contact Find a Grave, you! Were held back to back, each with a reset password code federal funds 1949. This request DeSales Grayson can add or update the memorial is for and when lived... Would grant the pardons after meeting with them Tuesday from 1908 to 1951, only Texas, North Carolina USA! 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